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    • 专利摘要:
    The invention relates to a container (200) for a system for storing and recovering heat, comprising an enclosure comprising means for injecting and withdrawing a gas to be cooled or heated. The enclosure is bounded by a first concrete envelope (203) surrounded by a thermally insulating layer (206), itself surrounded by a steel shell (204). The enclosure comprises at least two concrete modules (210) arranged one above the other and centered to form the first concrete envelope (203), each concrete module comprising a volume delimited by a side wall. concrete (211) and a perforated concrete bottom (205), the volume containing a fixed bed of particles of a heat storage and return material (207).
    公开号:FR3054027A1
    申请号:FR1656803
    申请日:2016-07-15
    公开日:2018-01-19
    发明作者:Fabrice Deleau；Thierry Bancel；Alice Pourtier
    申请人:IFP Energies Nouvelles IFPEN；
    IPC主号:
    专利说明:

    Field of the invention
    The present invention relates to the field of heat storage, in particular containers for the storage of large volume heat, as used for energy storage by compressed air (CAES from English “Compressed Air Energy Storage” ), in particular for the storage of energy by compressed air of the AACAES type (from the English "Advanced Adiabatic Compressed Air Energy Storage") in which the air storage and the storage of the heat generated are provided independent.
    General context
    The majority of primary energy sources, such as gas, oil, coal, can be stored easily, and thus allow production of electricity on demand, unlike the production of electricity from energy sources. renewable energies such as wind or solar energy. To supply electricity on demand, produced by this type of renewable energy, it is necessary to store electricity. However, it is very difficult to store electricity in large quantities. It is nevertheless possible to convert electricity into so-called intermediate energies, and to store it in the form of potential energy, kinetic, chemical or thermal.
    Electricity can for example be stored in the form of compressed air. This is what is achieved in CAES systems in which energy, typically electricity, which one wishes to use at another time, is stored in the form of compressed air. For storage, electrical energy drives air compressors, and for destocking, compressed air drives turbines which are connected to an electric generator. Compressed air is typically stored in a basement cavity, a porous rock formation, a spent oil or gas reservoir, or any other compressed air reservoir, which can be a pressure vessel. The performance of this solution is not optimal because part of the energy of the compressed air is found in the form of heat which is not used: the heat produced during the compression of the air is rejected. On the other hand, the stored air is heated to achieve expansion of the air, which again penalizes the energy efficiency of the system.
    Several variants currently exist to this CAES system. Mention may in particular be made of the systems and processes:
    • ACAES (from the English "Adiabatic Compressed Air Energy Storage") in which air is stored at high temperature due to compression. However, this type of system requires a specific, bulky and expensive storage system (adiabatic storage).
    • AACAES (from the English "Advanced Adiabatic Compressed Air Energy Storage") in which air is stored at room temperature, and the heat due to compression is also stored, separately, in a TES heat storage system (from the English "Thermal Energy Storage"). The heat stored in the TES system is used to heat the air before it expands.
    According to some envisaged designs of the AACAES, the heat is stored using a heat transfer fluid making it possible to store the heat resulting from the compression of the air and to return it to the air before its expansion by means of heat exchangers. For example, patent application EP 2447501 describes an AACAES system in which oil, used as a heat transfer fluid, circulates in a closed circuit to exchange heat with air.
    According to other proposed designs of AACAES, heat is stored by means of static solids contained in one or more containers. For example, the heat is stored in a material in the form of particles in a fixed bed placed in one or more containers, and traversed by the air to be cooled. This heat is returned to the cold air which crosses the fixed bed in the opposite direction during a discharge phase (air decompression).
    The present invention relates to a container of the latter type, capable of receiving a heat storage material in the form of particles in a fixed bed.
    The container is advantageously used for storing energy in the form of compressed air of the AACAES type, but is not limited to this application. Thus, the container can be suitable for any application implementing a heat storage and release system requiring a large heat storage capacity, and which may require resistance to high temperatures and pressures. By way of example, mention may be made of other fields of application than that of energy storage in the form of compressed air, such as the field of metallurgy, for example in the context of recovery and restitution of heat from blast furnace fumes, marine energy storage, etc.
    A major difficulty consists in designing containers for heat storage systems which can be operated at high pressures, of the order of several tens of bars, typically pressures up to 65-85 bar, and which can operate at high temperatures, typically several hundred degrees C, up to 750 ° C.
    To withstand high temperatures and high pressures, TES generally include large cylindrical concrete tanks filled with heat storage material, which have thick walls of prestressed concrete that can be reinforced with steel, and which may have various wall reinforcement structures, for example of the spacer type, to resist the stresses exerted on the walls due to internal pressure.
    For example, a TES is known in the context of the storage of adiabatic compressed air capable of operating at very high temperature, for example up to 650 ° C., and at pressures up to 65 bars, as described in patent EP1857614B. This storage system has a double structure formed by two capsules nested one inside the other, with an external pressure capsule made of prestressed concrete, and an internal capsule made of heat-resistant concrete containing the heat storage material. , for example stacked ceramic elements. This system relies on a mechanical contribution from the concrete wall to contain internal pressure. This imposes an on-site production with the production of prestressed concrete, without possible production in the workshop. In addition, such systems, involving the construction of cylindrical concrete walls of great thickness (more than 1 m for example) pose engineering difficulties, and are expensive and complex to produce. Finally, this system does not make it possible to respond to the pressure constraints targeted today in TES systems, which are rather of the order of 125 bars, even 300 bars.
    There is also known a heat storage system which can store heat at pressures greater than 3-4 bars, which can be used in quasi-adiabatic compressed air storage systems, as described in patent FR2998556A1. Such a container has refractory concrete walls surrounded by a steel shell, a thermal insulator being provided between the steel shell and the concrete walls. The sandwich structure formed by the set of refractory concrete walls / insulator / steel shell makes it possible to reduce heat losses by insulating the thermal storage material, makes it possible to reduce the temperature of the steel wall thus limiting the degradation of the characteristics of the latter makes it possible to limit the skin temperature of the steel shell improving safety, and makes it possible to contain the pressure prevailing in the container depending on the thickness of the steel shell. The container according to FR2998556A1 also comprises grids for holding the heat storage material which can be arranged at different heights in the container, which also play the role of spacers limiting the stress exerted on the walls. This configuration makes it possible to maintain the storage material at different heights in the container, thus helping to limit the stress exerted on the walls, and also allows a better distribution of the material in the tank which improves the interaction of the air. with the storage material.
    During the air loading and unloading operations, the structure undergoes thermal expansions, in particular at the grids. In order to absorb these expansions, the heat storage system according to FR2998556A1 provides that the grids are fixed to the concrete walls by rings associated with chains, avoiding the generation of mechanical stresses during thermal expansion.
    However, due to the significant efforts involved in the storage of the material, it is difficult to implement such a container comprising grids fixed by a system of rings and chains poorly suited to the quantity and the weight of the material used. , in particular in AACAES type applications in which several hundred tonnes of material in the form of particles are stored in tanks with a capacity of between approximately 200 m 3 and 1000 m 3 . In addition, such a fastening system is bulky.
    Objectives and summary of the invention
    The present invention provides a new embodiment of heat storage systems adapted to high pressure conditions, which can typically operate up to pressures of the order of 300 bars, and adapted to moderate temperature conditions, typically maximum temperatures. of the order of 300 ° C.
    In particular, the present invention aims to provide a container of a heat storage and return system, intended to contain a heat storage material in the form of particles in a fixed bed, capable of being operated at high pressure, preferably at pressures greater than 100 bars and up to 300 bars, while aiming to limit the problems linked to thermal expansion during storage and heat release operations, to reduce the costs of manufacturing the container, and facilitate assembly of the container.
    Thus, to achieve at least one of the abovementioned objectives, among others, and to at least partially overcome the drawbacks of the prior art set out above, the present invention proposes, according to a first aspect, a container for a heat storage and restitution system, comprising an enclosure comprising means for injecting and withdrawing a gas to be cooled or heated. The enclosure is delimited by a first concrete envelope surrounded by a thermally insulating layer, the insulating layer being surrounded by a steel shell, the first concrete envelope and the insulating layer being non-pressure-tight. The enclosure comprises at least two concrete modules arranged one above the other in a centered manner to form the first concrete enclosure. Each concrete module comprises a volume delimited by a concrete side wall and a perforated concrete bottom, the volume being capable of containing a fixed bed of particles of a material for storage and return of heat.
    According to one embodiment, the concrete modules are monobloc.
    According to one embodiment, the heat storage and return material is in the form of concrete particles.
    According to one embodiment, the container is in the form of a column, comprising concrete modules of cylindrical shape.
    Preferably, the container has pressure holes in the concrete casing.
    Advantageously, the thermal conductivity is between:
    - 0.1 and 2 W.m ' 1 .K' 1 for the concrete shell,
    - 0.01 and 0.17 Wm 1 .K 1 for the insulating layer, and
    - 20 and 250 Wm 1 .K 1 for the steel hull.
    Advantageously, the thickness of the insulating layer is such that, when heat storage is used, the temperature of the steel shell is less than or equal to 50 ° C., and the insulating layer is preferably chosen from a layer of wool. rock, perlite, glass wool, cellular glass, an air layer, and more preferably is a layer of rock wool.
    According to one embodiment, the container comprises between 2 and 12 concrete modules.
    According to one embodiment, the enclosure has a volume of between 200 m 3 and
    1000 m 3 .
    According to one embodiment, the container comprises several enclosures mounted in series and / or in parallel.
    According to a second aspect, the invention relates to a heat storage and return system comprising at least one container according to the invention.
    According to a third aspect, the invention relates to an energy storage installation by compressed air of the AACAES type comprising:
    - a compression system to compress air during a compression phase;
    - a heat storage and restitution system according to the invention for storing the heat of the compressed air during the compression phase and for restoring the heat to the compressed air during an expansion phase;
    - a final storage tank for air compressed by the compression system and cooled by the heat storage and return system;
    - a device for expanding the compressed air from the final storage tank during the expansion phase.
    According to one embodiment, the final tank has a volume of between 1000 m 3 and 7000 m 3 and the enclosure of said at least one container of the heat storage and return system has a volume of between 200 m 3 and 1000 m 3 , the heat storage and return system preferably comprising at least three containers.
    According to a fourth aspect, the invention relates to a method for mounting a container according to the invention, comprising:
    - the installation of the steel shell without a cover cap on the container assembly site, the steel shell being placed on a support;
    - the assembly of the concrete modules, the installation of the insulating layer and the filling of said modules with the heat storage material, by successive insertion of said modules in the steel shell in a centered manner to form the first concrete envelope;
    - closing the container by assembling the steel shell with a steel cover previously thermally insulated, preferably by welding.
    According to one embodiment, the volume of the concrete module is filled with the heat storage material so as to create a fixed bed of particles once the module is inserted into the steel shell.
    Alternatively, the volume of the concrete module can be filled with the heat storage material so as to create a fixed bed of particles before the module is inserted into the steel shell.
    Other objects and advantages of the invention will appear on reading the following description of examples of particular embodiments of the invention, given by way of nonlimiting examples, the description being given with reference to the appended figures described below. -after.
    Brief description of the figures
    FIG. 1 is a diagram illustrating the principle of an AACAES process in which a heat storage and return system (TES) according to the invention is implemented.
    FIG. 2 is a diagram of a TES container according to an embodiment of the invention.
    Figure 3 is a diagram of a concrete module of the TES container shown in Figure 2.
    Figure 4 is a diagram of a concrete module of a TES container according to another embodiment.
    FIG. 5 is a diagram illustrating an example of assembly of the TES container shown in FIG. 2.
    FIG. 6 is a graph illustrating the evolution of the temperature through the multilayer wall of a TES container illustrated in FIG. 2.
    FIG. 7 is a 3D view of a first example of a steel shell of a TES container according to the invention.
    FIG. 8 is a 3D view of a second example of a steel shell of a TES container according to the invention.
    FIG. 9 is a 3D view of a third example of a steel shell of a TES container according to the invention.
    In the figures, the same references designate identical or analogous elements.
    Detailed description of the invention
    FIG. 1 schematically illustrates the operating principle of an AACAES installation comprising a heat storage and return system (TES) according to a nonlimiting embodiment of the invention. The features of the TES container according to the invention are not shown in this figure, and are described below, in particular in relation to Figures 2 to 9.
    In FIG. 1, the AACAES installation 100 comprises an air compression system 20, an air expansion system 30, a system for storing and restoring the heat of the air called TES 40, and a final tank 10 for storing the compressed air.
    The TES according to the invention is suitable for all types of gas, in particular air. In this case, the inlet air used for compression can be taken from the ambient air, and the outlet air after expansion can be released into the ambient air. In the following description, only the variant embodiment with compressed air will be described. However, any gas other than air can be used in the TES container according to the invention.
    The compression train 20 has three compression stages, each stage comprising a compressor (21, 22, 23). The number of compression stages depends on the technologies and performance of the compressors and preferably comprises from one to six compressors. The compression train is necessary to obtain the desired pressure of the air which is stored in the tank 10. Preferably, the pressure of the compressed air in the final tank 10 is between 50 bars and 300 bars. The compressors are driven by a motor M, in particular an electric motor.
    The air expansion system 30 has three stages of turbines. The three turbines 31, 32, and 33 are used to relax the air and generate electrical power. The turbines are typically connected to an electricity generator G. The number of expansion stages is preferably identical to that of the compression train.
    Typically, the number of turbines is equal to the number of TES containers, and the number of compressors is equal to or greater than the number of TES containers.
    One TES container per compression stage is required. Thus the TES 40 has three containers (41, 42, 43). Each container includes an enclosure defining a volume having at least one fixed bed of particles of heat storage material, and is designed to withstand high pressures and moderate temperatures. The heat storage material is able to store the calories of the air which passes through the container and which is brought into contact with said material, and to restore this heat to the air which passes through the container at another time. These containers are described in detail later in the description.
    During the compression phase, also called the storage phase or the loading phase, hot air, produced by compression in a compressor (21, 22, 23), is admitted into a TES container (41, 42, 43) and comes out at low temperature to undergo the next compression stage or to be stored in the final tank 10. Thus, the air 1 enters at a temperature T o and a pressure P o in the compressor 21, for example at 25 ° C. (room temperature) and at atmospheric pressure. The air is compressed in the compressor 21, and heated due to the compression, and comes out at a temperature and a pressure P, higher than initially (T o , P o ), for example at about 260 ° C and about 6 bars. The compressed and heated air then enters the container 41 and passes through the heat storage material with which it exchanges calories, to come out cooled to a temperature T 2 , for example at about 100 ° C. This cooled air can possibly be further cooled in a ventilation device 51 placed at the outlet of the TES container 41, to reach a temperature T 3 lower than the temperature T 2 , approaching ambient temperature. The temperature T 3 is for example equal to around 50 ° C. The AACAES installation can thus include at least one additional air cooling device, different from the TES containers, for example of the fan type, in order to lower the temperature of the air leaving each TES container, and includes preferably as many additional cooling devices, for example of the fan type, as there are TES containers, each positioned on the air line leaving the TES container and entering the compressor of a compression stage or entering the final tank. 10. The air possibly cooled in the fan 51 is then sent to the compressor 22, to undergo a new compression and temperature increase accompanying it, and comes out at a pressure P 2 greater than the pressure P b for example at a pressure of around 30 bars, and at temperature Τ υ The air at temperature and pressure P 2 is then sent to the TES 42 container where it is cooled by the same way as in the container 41. The air leaves the container 42 at the temperature T 2 , is optionally further cooled in the fan 52 to the temperature T 3 , before being sent to the last compressor 23. L compressed air at the outlet of the compressor 23 has a pressure P 3 higher than the pressure P 2 , for example is about 125 bars, and is at the temperature T v II is sent to the container of TES 43, then optionally to a fan 53, to finally be sent (air 2) and stored in the final air storage tank 10, at a storage temperature T, which is substantially equal to the temperature at the outlet of the last container TES 43 or possibly at the temperature T 3 at the outlet of the last fan 53, for example equal to around 50 ° C., preferably equal to room temperature, and a storage pressure P f , which is substantially equal to the pressure P 3 at the outlet of the last compressor 23 ( mo dulo the pressure drop at the end of the passage in the TES container and possibly in the fan), for example around 125 bars.
    During the expansion phase, also called the destocking phase or the discharge phase, the cold air produced during expansion in a turbine is admitted into the TES container (41, 42, 43) to transfer the heat to it. stored. Thus, the air 3 leaving the reservoir 10 at the storage temperature T, and the storage pressure P f , enters the TES container 43 where it is heated in contact with the heat storage material which releases the collected heat. during the storage phase. The heated air is then sent to the turbine 31, it undergoes expansion, and therefore also cooling. Leaving the turbine 31, the cooled air is sent to the TES container 42 to be heated there, as in the container 43, then again undergoes expansion and cooling by its passage through the turbine 32. Before its entry into the third expansion stage by the turbine 33, the air leaving the turbine 32 is sent to the TES container 41 in order to undergo a final heating.
    Thanks to the TES, the heat formed during the air compression phase is advantageously stored in the TES containers and returned during the expansion phase of the compressed air, thus ensuring optimal plant performance by limitation of the loss of calories during the process. In order to maximize efficiency and guarantee an adiabatic system, the TES container must minimize heat transfer to the outside. Each container of the TES preferably has a volume of between 200 m 3 and 1000 m 3 , typically chosen according to the energy to be stored. The TES container according to the invention can be used regardless of the size of the AACAES installation. The volume of the container and the number of containers are chosen according to the size of the AACAES system targeted. The air flow entering and leaving the container of TES depends on the stage where the container is located, in particular depends on the pressure, and is preferably between 20 and 200 m 3 / h. The temperature of the storage material is preferably between room temperature, ie about 25 ° C, and 300 ° C, and preferably between room temperature and 260 ° C.
    In the installation shown diagrammatically in FIG. 1, the TES container 43, that is to say the TES container from which air is sent to the final tank 10, is the heat storage device which requires the most constraints for sizing the TES. In fact, it is the one that supports the strongest constraints related to air compression. In the example given and illustrated in FIG. 1, the container of TES 43 has the following characteristics:
    it is able to contain air having a temperature of about 260 ° C maximum; it is able to be operated at a maximum pressure of 125 bars; it contains 336 m 3 of heat storage material; the heat storage material it contains has a density of 2400 kg / m 3 , which leads for example to an apparent density of 1200 kg / m 3 considering a void rate of 50%;
    the storage material it contains is in the form of 10 mm diameter beads.
    Several compressed air storage units are shown in Figure 1 as forming the final air storage tank 10, without this being a limitation. The compressed air storage tank 10 can in fact be composed of one or more air storage units, for example one or more tanks, a pipe system, or one or more underground cavities. The total volume of the reservoir 10 can be between 1000 m 3 and 7000 m 3 , in the case of AACAES installations of modest size, and can range up to around 100,000 m 3 depending on the applications envisaged.
    The AACAES system comprising a TES container according to the invention is not limited to the example of FIG. 1. Other configurations can be envisaged: a different number of compression and / or expansion stages, the use of reversible means ensuring compression and expansion making it possible to limit the number of devices used in the system and thus ensure a gain in weight and volume of the system, etc.
    FIG. 2 represents a schematic longitudinal section of a TES container according to an embodiment of the invention. Only half of the container is shown, the other part being symmetrical.
    The container 200 of the TES is an enclosure, typically having the shape of a column arranged substantially vertically, for example on a support 208 such as the ground, a concrete slab or any support suitable for the weight of the container, preferably comprising at its top and at its base, means 201202 for injecting and withdrawing a gas to be cooled or heated, typically air. In the figure, the arrows illustrate the circulation of the gas in the TES container during two distinct phases of operation of the container, typically a charging phase (gas compression phase with heat storage in the TES) and a discharge phase. (gas expansion with return of heat to gas) in an AACAES process. The TES container is not limited to a cylindrical geometry of the enclosure, but may also have another shape such as a parallelepiped shape. A piping system (not shown) is provided for fluidly connecting the container to the other devices of the AACAES installation (compressors, turbines, etc.), which may be partly located in the basement.
    The container 200 comprises at least two concrete modules 210 arranged one above the other, and preferably a succession of several modules 210 arranged one above the other as shown in FIG. 2. For example , the container according to the invention comprises between 2 and 12 concrete modules 210, preferably between 3 and 5 concrete modules 210. The modules 210 are positioned centrally. Figure 3 schematically illustrates in section such a module 210. As in Figure 2, only half of the module is shown, the other half being identical. Each concrete module 210 comprises a concrete side wall 211 and a perforated concrete bottom 205, the wall and the bottom defining a volume 213 capable of receiving a heat storage material 207 in the form of particles forming a fixed bed of particles. (not shown in the figure
    3). The bottom 205 of the module 210 is typically a concrete plate having openings 212 the size of which is smaller than that of the particles of the heat storage material in order to retain the heat storage material, while letting the gas pass through. the container. The bottom 205 and the wall 211 form two separate entities, formed by a material of the same nature, i.e. a concrete. The wall 211 rests on the concrete plate 205. The part of the plate 205 supporting the wall 211 is preferably unperforated in order to ensure a thickness of solid concrete at least equal to that of the wall 211 at the wall / bottom junction of the module. Alternatively, the wall 211 has a groove in which is housed the periphery of the concrete plate 205 constituting the bottom of the module (variant not shown in Figure 3). In this case, the part of the plate 205 fitting into the groove of the wall 211 is preferably unperforated in order to ensure a thickness of solid concrete at least equal to that of the wall 211 at the wall / bottom junction of the module.
    Preferably, the side walls of the concrete modules have a thickness of between 50 mm and 500 mm. Preferably, the bottom of the concrete modules has a thickness of between 100 and 300 mm.
    Each concrete module 210 preferably has a cylindrical shape, leading to a column-shaped container. However, the concrete module can have another shape, for example a rectangular shape.
    The container 200 thus comprises a plurality of fixed beds (at least two) of particles of heat storage and restitution materials 207, each bed being placed in a concrete module 210. By fixed bed of particles is meant a set of particles arranged randomly, which is neither mobile nor fluidized.
    The concrete modules 210 form a first concrete casing 203 of the container 200. More precisely, this casing 203 is formed by all of the side walls 211 and portions of the concrete bottoms 205 in contact with the side walls 211. The casing of concrete 203 is surrounded by a thermally insulating layer 206, itself surrounded by a steel shell 204. The concrete shell 203 is in contact with the insulating layer 206, itself in contact with the steel shell 204.
    The concrete shell 203 preferably has a thickness of 50 mm and 500 mm, for example a thickness of 100 mm. The concrete envelope 203 is capable of containing the storage material which can be at a temperature of up to 300 ° C, for example a temperature between room temperature (20 ° C) and 300 ° C, preferably between between 20 ° C and 260 ° C. The concrete 203 envelope can also withstand the stresses exerted by the heat storage material, in particular the stresses linked to the weight of the storage material which can represent a few hundred tonnes. The storage material and the first concrete envelope 203 are contained in a steel shell 204, separated from the first envelope 203 by the thermally insulating layer 206. The concrete envelope 203 and the insulating layer 206 are not waterproof. pressure, that is to say that there is no difference in pressure on either side of the envelope, and of the insulating layer. Thus, it is the steel shell which takes up the internal pressure of the container. By internal pressure of the container is meant the air pressure in operation. In this way, the first envelope 203 is under pressure and the steel hull is only subjected to the force due to this internal pressure. The container 200 preferably comprises at least one equipression hole 209, which is an opening in the envelope 203 forming a passage between the interior of the enclosure and the insulating layer 206, making it possible to transmit the internal pressure of the enclosure towards the steel hull 204. Preferably the container 200 comprises several equipression holes 209, for example arranged in the side walls of each concrete module 210.
    The first concrete casing 203 is mainly subjected to compression forces under moderate temperature conditions, typically up to about 300 ° C. The 210 modules can be made of ordinary or high performance concrete (BHP), which can be subjected to this type of stress without significant degradation of their mechanical performance at the target operating temperatures. Refractory and reinforced concrete can also be used. The thermal conductivity of the concrete casing 203 is preferably between 0.1 and 2 Wm 1 .K 1 .
    The insulating layer 206 makes it possible to limit the operating temperature of the steel shell by limiting the heat transfer. The insulating layer 206 also makes it possible to facilitate the dimensioning of the steel shell by allowing a low constraint on the temperature, in particular a dimensioning with a temperature which may be less than or equal to 50 ° G or even close to the ambient temperature (20 ° C. ) instead of dimensioning at maximum service temperature which is 300 ° C. The thickness of the insulating layer is preferably such that, in use, the temperature of the steel shell is less than or equal to 50 ° C. The insulating layer 206 is not pressure tight. This pressure permeability allows operation under equipression thanks to the transmission of pressure to the steel shell 204. Preferably the insulating layer has a porosity such that it is not pressure tight. The thermal conductivity of the insulating layer 206 is preferably between 0.01 and 0.17 Wm 1 .K 1 . The insulating layer 206 preferably has a thickness of 50 mm and 400 mm, for example a thickness of 100 mm. The thickness of the insulating layer 206 can be reduced by choosing a refractory concrete to form the concrete modules 210 (reduced thermal conductivity of a refractory concrete, typically halved compared to an ordinary reinforced concrete). The thickness of the insulating layer also depends on the nature of the material chosen to form this layer. The insulating layer is preferably a layer of rock wool. Other materials can also be used to form the insulating layer 206, such as perlite, glass wool, cellular glass, an air space.
    The steel shell 204, which constitutes the outer envelope of the container 200, makes it possible to withstand the internal pressure of the container. Its thickness is dependent on the pressure stress. Preferably, the thickness of the steel shell does not exceed 300 mm in order to be compatible with the manufacturing means known to date (forging, rolling and welding). The thermal conductivity of the steel shell 204 is preferably between 20 and 250 Wm 1 .K 1 . Various steels can be used to manufacture the hull 204. Typically, the hull is made of non-alloy steel of general use, such as steel P355GH.
    Such a sandwich structure, formed by the succession, from the inside to the outside of the container 200, of the concrete shell 203, of the insulating layer 206 and of the steel shell 204, makes it possible:
    - to decouple the weight recovery constraints of the storage material and internal pressure. A clean structure is dedicated to each request: the weight of the storage material is supported by the first concrete casing 203 and the internal pressure is supported by the steel shell 204;
    - to carry out a dimensioning of the steel shell at room temperature thanks to the insulating layer, thus making it possible to reduce the thickness of the steel shell, which results in a significant gain on the mass of steel used, and consequently a reduction in costs compared to sizing for a temperature of the order of 300 ° C, but also which allows thicknesses compatible with the means of production of the steel shell to be obtained. Indeed, producing a TES container comprising a steel enclosure having an operating temperature much higher than 50 ° C., for example 260 ° C., for the high pressures targeted, represents a technological challenge, in particular for a larger tank diameter. at 1 m. Typically, by taking a steel such as those commonly used to form pressure devices (ESP), for example a steel of type P355GH, the thickness of the steel wall reaches a thickness of at least 150 mm. This constitutes a manufacturing limit which complicates the shaping of the steel, the assembly by welding but also the transport, because the mass of the tanks can reach a few hundred tonnes;
    - to make larger diameter tanks, typically of the order of 4 m.
    The modules 210 being formed of parts, i.e. walls and bottoms, made of the same material, i.e. concrete, this prevents the problems of differential thermal expansion known in the devices of the prior art.
    In addition, thanks to the nature of the material making up the modules 210, the modules actively participate in the storage of heat in the TES container. Thus it is possible to increase the heat storage capacity of the TES container initially linked to the sole heat storage material in the form of particles in fixed beds and / or to reduce the mass of storage material within the container. for the same heat storage capacity.
    The concrete module 210 therefore has several functions, in particular those of forming the enclosure of the container, of participating in the storage and the restitution of heat, of serving as a support for the granular material of heat storage, and of ensuring a good distribution of the granular heat storage material over the entire height of the container, which improves the heat exchanges between the gas and the particles of the storage material with the gas and which prevents the compaction at the bottom of the container which can weaken the structure of the container.
    The heat storage material is in the form of particles arranged so as to form a fixed bed in each concrete module 210. The heat storage material is thus a granular material capable of storing and returning heat, which may be, without being limiting, concrete, ceramic, asbestos, gravel.
    The shape and size of the particles can vary, and these parameters are chosen so as to guarantee the passage of air through the bed, and to ensure effective contact between the gas and the particles in order to optimize the heat exchanges. . Preferably, the particles are substantially spherical, and have an average diameter of between 1 and 20 mm
    According to one embodiment of the invention, the particles of the heat storage material are made of concrete. The use of the same material for the particles and for the modules 210 makes it possible to guarantee a substantially identical thermal expansion of the particles and of the modules hosting the particles, thus avoiding any additional mechanical stress.
    The particles, typically balls, of the heat storage material are preferably dimensioned so as to take into account the thermal expansion of the particles and that of the concrete modules during the operation of the container, in particular in order to avoid any blocking phenomenon. . As the temperature in the enclosure increases, the modules expand and therefore the granular heat storage material can fill the increase in volume. When a cooling phase occurs, the modules reduce in diameter and can compress the granular material and thus generate stresses harmful to the structure.
    For example, the heat storage material is concrete and in the form of balls with a diameter greater than or equal to 10 mm.
    According to another embodiment, the concrete module is in one piece, as illustrated in FIG. 4. The concrete module 410 is formed from a single piece of concrete. It has a side wall 411 extending by a perforated bottom 405, the openings 412 of which allow the gas to pass through the container. The volume 413 defined by the side wall 411 and the perforated bottom 405, is capable of receiving, as described for the concrete module 210 of FIG. 3, a fixed bed of particles of the heat storage material. As for the concrete module 210, the problems of differential expansion are reduced due to the same nature of material for the bottom and the wall of the module, and the module as such participates in the storage and the restitution of the heat of the gas passing through the container.
    This configuration is also particularly advantageous for the manufacture of the TES container. Indeed, the entire modules can be prefabricated and thus facilitate the mounting of the container by stacking the modules in one piece. The modules can also be pre-filled with the heat storage material before they are assembled to form the container.
    The container 200 according to the invention makes it possible to store the heat coming from a hot gas, the storage being carried out by the particles of heat storage material 207. The container also makes it possible to restore the heat stored in the particles to a gas cold. The gas enters or leaves the container 200 at its ends, at the level of the injection and withdrawal means 201/202, and exchanges heat with the particles of the heat storage and restitution material 207 which are arranged under form of beds allowing gas to pass through them. The passage of the fluid in the fixed bed of particles is substantially axial, that is to say that the fluid circulates generally along the main axis defined between the points of entry and exit of the gas in the container 200, typically located at two opposite ends of the container 200. Typically the passage of gas takes place substantially along the vertical. According to this configuration, during charging, the fluid enters hot, at a temperature T b from the top of the container, and leaves cold (cooled by the particles which store part of the heat of the gas), at a temperature T 2 ( T 2 <T 1 ), through the bottom of the container. For the discharge, the gas enters cold, at a temperature T 2 , through the bottom of the container, and leaves hot (heated by the particles which restore part of the heat of the particles), at a temperature from the top of the container. The configuration described constitutes a preferred configuration in which the container comprises a hot zone in its upper part, due to the entry of hot gas during the charging phase and the exit of the heated gas during discharge, and a cold zone in the lower part due to the exit of the cooled gas during the charging phase and the entry of the cold gas during the discharging phase. A hot zone in the upper part makes it possible in particular to minimize the movement of air during a waiting phase before the discharge phase. However, the container can be used in an inverted configuration in which the hot zone is in its lower part and the cold zone in the upper part. In this case, during the charging phase, the hot gas to be cooled arrives at a temperature T 1; from the bottom of the container and comes out cold, at a temperature T 2 (T ^ T ^, from the top of the container, and during the discharge, the gas enters cold, at a temperature T 2 , from the top of the container, and comes out hot at a temperature T b from the bottom of the container.
    Advantageously, the TES container according to the invention is capable of operating at pressures between 1 bar and 300 bars, in particular between 100 bar and 300 bars, and more particularly between 100 and 150 bars, and at temperatures between room temperature, generally 20 ° C, and 300C, preferably between room temperature and 260 ° C.
    According to one embodiment, the TES container does not form a single reservoir but comprises several enclosures each defined as previously described for the enclosure of the TES container illustrated in FIG. 2, that is to say comprising, preferably at its apex and at its base, means for injecting and withdrawing gas, each enclosure being delimited by a first concrete envelope surrounded by a thermally insulating layer, itself being surrounded by a steel shell. Each enclosure comprises at least two concrete modules arranged one above the other in a centered manner to form the first concrete envelope. Each concrete module comprises a volume delimited by a concrete side wall and a perforated concrete bottom, the volume containing a fixed bed of particles of a material for storage and return of heat. The different enclosures communicate fluidly and are mounted in series and / or in parallel to form a TES container made up of elements of reduced size and weight. The series and / or parallel connection is understood relative to the gas sent into the enclosures of the TES container: in a series connection, the gas passes successively through the various enclosures of the TES container, while in a parallel connection, the The gas stream to be cooled / heated is divided into several sub-streams, each injected into an enclosure of the TES container.
    The TES container according to the invention is preferably used in an AACAES system as described in relation to FIG. 1. However, the use of the TES container according to the invention is not limited to energy storage by compressed air type AACAES. The TES container according to the invention can also be used in other applications where storage and return of the heat of a gas are required, under high pressure conditions, for example for use in heating networks. , or in concentrated solar thermal power plants. These different applications require energy storage means if the latter is not consumed during its production. Consequently, the energy available in the form of heat flow can be stored in a heat storage and return system (TES) according to the invention comprising at least one container as described.
    FIG. 5 illustrates a nonlimiting example of mounting the TES container according to the invention. The diagrams (A) to (E) illustrate the succession of steps for mounting the TES container according to the invention. According to this mounting example, the steps below are carried out.
    A first step (diagram (A)) of on-site installation of the steel shell 204 without its cover cap 214, and the insulating layer 206, is carried out.
    The steel shell can also be referred to as a ferrule. The steel shell 204 is deposited on a support 208, e.g. the ground.
    Advantageously, the steel hull is prefabricated, that is to say that the boilermaking of the hull is carried out in the workshop, and is conveyed in a single block to the place of assembly. In this case, only the welding or assembly of the cover 214 is carried out at the assembly site after having inserted the concrete modules 210 and the heat storage material in the steel shell, and placed the insulation between the concrete modules and steel hull.
    Alternatively, the steel hull 204 is partitioned into several elements which are transported to the assembly site and assembled by welding on site.
    A second step (diagrams (B) to (C)) of mounting the concrete modules, placing the insulating layer 406, and filling the modules with the heat storage material 207 is carried out
    Once the steel hull 204 has been installed, each stage of the container comprising a module is preferably mounted as follows, in this order:
    installation of the concrete module;
    installation of the insulation between the external concrete wall 211 and the steel shell 404. The insulation can typically be rock wool in bulk or in rolls;
    filling the concrete module with the chosen storage material 207.
    The first concrete module 210 inserted within the steel shell by the open top of the shell 204, comes to rest on the bottom of the shell previously thermally insulated.
    During the mounting of the successive modules, the modules are centered on each other during their stacking, in order to create a continuous wall of the first concrete envelope 203.
    According to an alternative, the concrete modules 410 can be filled with the heat storage material 207 before the installation of the insulation 206 between the external concrete wall 418 and the steel shell 404.
    According to an alternative, the concrete modules 210 can be filled with the heat storage material 207 before their insertion into the steel shell 204.
    A third step of closing the container 200 is carried out by assembling the shell 204 with its steel cover 214 previously thermally insulated, preferably by welding the cover 214 with the steel wall of the shell 204.
    The setting up of other devices, such as the means for injecting and withdrawing gas is not detailed, this being easily designed by a person skilled in the art.
    In Figure 5, the pressure holes are not shown. These are preferably made in concrete modules before their installation in the steel shell.
    The steel hull 204 can be manufactured using different techniques:
    - the steel shell can be assembled by welding curved sheets of a single thickness. FIG. 7 illustrates such a shell 704, composed of sheets of a single thickness 723 welded. The initially flat sheets are bent to obtain the radius of the enclosure, and are then assembled by welding to form the 704 steel shell which has a single-layer wall.
    - the steel shell can also be assembled by welding curved multi-layer sheets in order to work with unitary sheet thicknesses that are less than the thickness of a sheet used to form a single-layer shell. Part of such a shell is illustrated in Figure 8 where we can see several layers 824 of sheets which are superimposed to form the wall 823 of the steel shell. This technique makes it easier to shape the sheet. According to this manufacturing technique, the upper layers can be assembled with pretension in order to produce a multilayer shell with hooping on the outer layers. Compression of the lower layers allows them to withstand greater stresses or to withstand a similar stress while being thinner, which has the advantage of optimizing the quantity of steel necessary for construction.
    - The steel shell can also be manufactured from the assembly, preferably by welding, of curved sheets of a single thickness, such as the single-layer shell illustrated in FIG. 7, which are reinforced by circumferential rings. This technique makes it possible to obtain a shell with a thin wall and resistant to high pressure stresses. Figure 9 is a 3D drawing illustrating such a stiffened steel shell 904 by the presence of circumferential rings 905. The steel shell has a cylindrical shape, and comprises a plurality of circumferential reinforcement rings 905 (12 in number in figure 9). The circumferential rings 905 are preferably made of metal, in particular steel.
    Example
    An encrypted example of a TES container according to the invention, used in an AACAES system as shown in FIG. 1 as the last container 43 before the gas passes into the final tank 10 (or first container when the gas leaves the tank 10), is given below.
    A TES container according to the invention comprises for example an enclosure formed by a concrete casing 203 having an internal diameter of 3.5 m and a thickness of 100 mm, capable of withstanding an internal pressure of 125 bars and a high temperature of l 'around 260 ° C. An insulating layer of rock wool with a thickness of 100 mm is placed between the concrete shell 203 and the steel shell 204, making it possible to limit the temperature of the steel wall to 50 ° C. The steel shell has an internal diameter of 3.9 m, and is 146 mm thick. Such a TES container develops an internal volume of 672 m 3 , making it possible to contain 806 tonnes of storage material having for example a density of 1200 kg / m 3 . Five floors formed by the stacking of five concrete 210 modules, 14 m high each, can be provided to form the container with a total height of around 70 m (this height does not take into account the dimensions of the bottom and top of the container). In this example, the different layers have the following thermal conductivities: 0., 92 Wm 1 .K 1 for the concrete shell, 26 Wm 1 .K 1 for the wall of the steel shell, and 0.04 Wm 1 .K 1 for the insulating layer.
    FIG. 6 illustrates the evolution of the temperature (temperature on the ordinate in ° C.) within the multilayer wall (radius of the container on the abscissa in meters) of this example of TES container according to the invention, the wall being formed by the concrete envelope 203, the insulating layer 206 and the steel shell 204. The total thickness e of the wall of the TES container is 346 mm, with a thickness of the first concrete envelope 203 of 100 mm respectively, a thickness of the insulating layer 206 of 100 mm, and a thickness of the steel shell 204 of 146 mm. We see that with a temperature of 260 ° C in the enclosure of the container, we go to a temperature below 50 ° C in the steel hull 204.
    To manufacture such a TES container, 190 tonnes of concrete and 1000 tonnes of steel are required.
    权利要求:
    Claims (16)
    [1" id="c-fr-0001]
    1. Container (200) of a heat storage and return system (40), comprising an enclosure comprising means for injecting and withdrawing (201/202) a gas to be cooled or heated, said enclosure being delimited by a first concrete envelope (203) surrounded by a thermally insulating layer (206), said insulating layer (206) being surrounded by a steel shell (204), said first concrete envelope (203) and said layer insulating material (206) being non-pressure-tight, and said enclosure comprising at least two concrete modules (210, 410) arranged one above the other in a centered manner to form the first concrete envelope (203), each concrete module (210, 410) comprising a volume delimited by a concrete side wall (211) and a perforated concrete bottom (205), said volume being capable of containing a fixed bed of particles of a storage material and heat recovery (207).
    [2" id="c-fr-0002]
    2. Container according to claim 1, in which the concrete modules (410) are in one piece.
    [3" id="c-fr-0003]
    3. Container according to one of the preceding claims, in which the heat storage and return material (207) is in the form of concrete particles.
    [4" id="c-fr-0004]
    4. Container according to one of the preceding claims in the form of a column, comprising concrete modules (210, 410) of cylindrical shape.
    [5" id="c-fr-0005]
    5. Container according to one of the preceding claims, comprising tensioning holes in the concrete envelope (203).
    [6" id="c-fr-0006]
    6. Container according to one of the preceding claims, in which the thermal conductivity is between:
    - 0.1 and 2 Wm 1 .K 1 for the concrete shell (203),
    -0.01 and 0.17 Wm 1 .K 1 for the insulating layer (206), and
    - 20 and 250 Wm 1 .K 1 for the steel hull (204).
    [7" id="c-fr-0007]
    7. Container according to one of the preceding claims, in which the thickness of the insulating layer is such that, in use, the temperature of the steel shell (204) is less than or equal to 50 ° C, and in which the insulating shell (206) is preferably chosen from a layer of rock wool, perlite, glass wool, cellular glass, an air layer, and more preferably is a layer of rock wool.
    [8" id="c-fr-0008]
    8. Container according to one of the preceding claims, comprising between 2 and 12 concrete modules (210, 410).
    [9" id="c-fr-0009]
    9. Container according to one of the preceding claims, in which the enclosure has a volume of between 200 m 3 and 1000 m 3 .
    [10" id="c-fr-0010]
    10. Container according to one of the preceding claims, comprising several enclosures mounted in series and / or in parallel.
    [11" id="c-fr-0011]
    11. Heat storage and release system (40) comprising at least one container (200) according to one of claims 1 to 10.
    [12" id="c-fr-0012]
    12. AACAES (100) compressed air energy storage installation, comprising:
    - a compression system (20) for compressing air during a compression phase;
    - a heat storage and return system (40) according to claim 11 for storing the heat of the compressed air during the compression phase and for restoring said heat to the compressed air during an expansion phase ;
    - a final tank (10) for storing the compressed air by the compression system and cooled by the heat storage and return system (10);
    - a device for expanding the compressed air from the final storage tank (30) during the expansion phase.
    [13" id="c-fr-0013]
    13. Installation according to claim 12, in which the final tank (10) has a volume of between 1000 m 3 and 7000 m 3 and the enclosure of said at least one container (200) of the heat storage and return system. (40) has a volume of between 200 m 3 and 1000 m 3 , said heat storage and return system (40) preferably comprising at least three containers (200).
    [14" id="c-fr-0014]
    14. Method for mounting a container according to one of claims 1 to 10, comprising:
    - Installation of the steel shell (204) without a cover cap (214) on the assembly site of the container, said steel shell (204) being arranged on a support (208);
    - mounting the concrete modules (210), installing the insulating layer and filling said modules (210) with heat storage material (207), by successive insertion of said modules into the steel shell (204 ) centered
    10 to form the first concrete casing (203);
    - Closing the container (200) by assembling the steel shell (204) with a steel cover (214) previously thermally insulated, preferably by welding.
    [15" id="c-fr-0015]
    15. The mounting method as claimed in claim 14, in which the volume 15 of the concrete module (210) is filled with the heat storage material (207) so as to create a fixed bed of particles once said module (210 ) inserted into the steel shell (204).
    [16" id="c-fr-0016]
    16. The mounting method according to claim 14, in which the volume 20 of the concrete module (210) is filled with the heat storage material (207) so as to create a fixed bed of particles before the insertion of said module. (210) in the steel shell (204)
    1/6
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    同族专利:
    公开号 | 公开日
    CN107620857B|2021-06-11|
    ES2751131T3|2020-03-30|
    US20180017213A1|2018-01-18|
    FR3054027B1|2018-07-27|
    PT3270088T|2019-11-19|
    EP3270088B1|2019-09-11|
    CN107620857A|2018-01-23|
    US10317008B2|2019-06-11|
    EP3270088A1|2018-01-17|
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    法律状态:
    2017-07-31| PLFP| Fee payment|Year of fee payment: 2 |
    2018-01-19| PLSC| Search report ready|Effective date: 20180119 |
    2018-07-25| PLFP| Fee payment|Year of fee payment: 3 |
    2019-07-25| PLFP| Fee payment|Year of fee payment: 4 |
    2020-07-28| PLFP| Fee payment|Year of fee payment: 5 |
    优先权:
    申请号 | 申请日 | 专利标题
    FR1656803|2016-07-15|
    FR1656803A|FR3054027B1|2016-07-15|2016-07-15|CONTAINER OF A HEAT STORAGE AND RESTITUTION SYSTEM COMPRISING AT LEAST TWO CONCRETE MODULES|FR1656803A| FR3054027B1|2016-07-15|2016-07-15|CONTAINER OF A HEAT STORAGE AND RESTITUTION SYSTEM COMPRISING AT LEAST TWO CONCRETE MODULES|
    ES17180719T| ES2751131T3|2016-07-15|2017-07-11|Container for a heat storage and recovery system that includes at least two concrete modules|
    EP17180719.1A| EP3270088B1|2016-07-15|2017-07-11|Container of a system for storing and restoring heat having at least two concrete modules|
    PT171807191T| PT3270088T|2016-07-15|2017-07-11|Container of a system for storing and restoring heat having at least two concrete modules|
    US15/650,621| US10317008B2|2016-07-15|2017-07-14|Container for a system for storing and restoring heat, comprising at least two modules formed from concrete|
    CN201710574703.9A| CN107620857B|2016-07-15|2017-07-14|Container for a system for storing and recovering heat comprising at least two modules formed of concrete|
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